An American chemist whose groundbreaking work in medicine and chemistry developed the only effective treatment for leprosy until antibiotics were developed in the 1940s.

Barbara McClintock’s perseverance in a male-dominated field led her to become the first woman to receive an unshared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, inspiring future generations of scientists.

Dr. Virginia Apgar persevered beyond early 20th-century barriers to women in medicine to become a leading anesthesiologist and the first female full professor at Columbia University.